How to work with CLRSCR
To work with CLRSCR
Description:
Clears the screen and returns the cursor to the upper left corner.
Declaration:
procedure ClrScr;
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
Crt;
var
a:file;
begin
TextBackground(LightGray);
ClrScr;
end.
Edited By: Norasyikin Mahmud
© 2001 ISC
All rights reserved. All other product names and trademarks are registered properties of their respective owners.
211101
To work with Close command
Description:
Closes an open file.
Declaration:
procedure Close(var F);
Example:
program Welcome;
var
a:file;
begin
Assign(a,'\AUTOEXEC>BAT');
Reset(a,1);
Writeln('File size= ',FileSize(a));
Close(a);
end.
To work with Assign command
Description:
Assigns the name of an external file to a file variable.
Declaration:
procedure Assign(var F; Name);
Example:
program Welcome;
var
a:text;
begin
Assign(a,'');
Rewrite(a);
Writeln(a,'standard output...');
Close(a);
end.
To work with Arc by example
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
Graph;
var
a,b:integer;
radius:integer;
begin
a:=Detect;
initgraph(a,b,'')
if GrapResult<> grOK then Halt(1);
for Radius:=1 to 5 do
Arc(100,100,0,90,Radius*10);
Readln;
CloseGraph;
end.
To work with Arc
Description:
The Arc function draws an elliptical arc.
Declaration:
Arc(DC: HDC; X1, Y1, X2, Y2, X3, Y3, X4, Y4: Integer): Bool;
How to work with Abs by example
To work with Abs by example
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
WinCrt;
var
r:integer;
t:real;
begin
r:=Abs(-100);
t:=Abs(-1.2);
Write(r,t);
end.
Output:
To work with Abs functions
Description:
Returns the absolute value of the argument.
Declaration:
Abs(x);
To build the project
Step 1
To build the project, the first thing you need to do is to use the mouse to open the Compile menu and then click the Build command.
Step 2
Next, you could see that the program contains no errors.
To make the project
Step 1
If you wish to make the project, first, you need to use the mouse to open the Compile menu and then click the Make command.
Step 2
Next, you can see that the program has no errors.
To run the project
Step 1
To run the project, the first thing you need to do is to use the mouse to open the Run menu and then click the Run command.
Step 2
Then you can see that the project is being run.
To compile the Pascal project
Step 1
To compile the pascal project, first, you need to use the mouse to open the Compile menu and then click the Compile command.
Step 2
Now, you can see that the program is compiled and does not have any errors.
To open the *.pas file
Step 1
If you would like to open the *.pas file, first, you need to use the mouse to open File menu and then click the Open command.
Step 2
Next, you can enter the file name and you can also select the file name in the Files list box.
Step 3
Now, the Pascal file is being opened.
To start with Turbo Pascal project
Program à program header
Var à declarations
Begin à Start of the processing or action portion of the program.
…….. à Statement to accomplish the program’s task.
End à end of the programm
To work with ARRAY by example
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
WinCrt;
var
count,sum:integer;
mark:array [1..40] of integer;
begin
for count:=1 to 12 do
begin
mark[sum]:=count+2;
Writeln(mark[sum]);
end;
end.
Output:
To work with ARRAY
Description:
Array is a structured group of like elements given a common name.
Declaration:
array [index-type] of element-type
How to work with Record data type bye Example
To work with Record data type bye Example
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
WinCrt;
type
student=record
StudentNo:longint;
StudentName:string;
Department:string;
end;
var
mystudent:student;
begin
Writeln(' Please Enter your student information.');
Write(' Student No: ');
Readln(mystudent.StudentNo);
Write(' Student Name: ');
Readln(mystudent.StudentName);
Write(' Department: ');
Readln(mystudent.Department);
Writeln(' ');
Writeln('************************** Student Information *******************************');
Writeln('Student No: ',mystudent.StudentNo);
Writeln('Studnet Name: ',mystudent.StudentName);
Writeln(' Department: ',mystudent.Department);
Writeln('*******************************************************************************');
end.
Output:
To work with record data type
Description:
The components of a record are called fields. Each field has its own field identifier and type
Declaration:
type
student=record
StudentNo:longint;
StudentName:string;
Department:string;
end;
How to work with Boolean operators by example
To work with Boolean operators by example
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
WinCrt;
var
player1:integer;
player2:integer;
begin
Writeln(' Player 1 please enter the number: ');
Read(player1);
Writeln(' Player 2 please enter the number: ');
Read(player2);
if (player1 > player2) or (player1 >= player2) then
Writeln(' The winner is player 1');
if (player1 <>
Writeln(' The winner is player 2');
end.
Output:
How to work with Boolean operators
To work with Boolean operators
Boolean operators are the special operators, which are used to combine Boolean expressions;
Operator Operation
not negation
and logical and
or logical or
xor logical xor
To work with the Boolean Expressions by example
Example
program Welcome;
uses
WinCrt;
var
player1:integer;
player2:integer;
begin
Writeln(' Player 1 please enter the number: ');
Read(player1);
Writeln(' Player 2 please enter the number: ');
Read(player2);
if player1 > player2 then
Writeln(' The winner is player 1');
if player1 <>
Writeln(' The winner is player 2');
if player1 = player2 then
Writeln(' No winner in this game ');
end.
Output:
How to work with relational operators
To work with relational operators
A sequence of identifiers, separated by compatible operators, that evaluates to TRUE or FALSE
Operator Operation
= Equal
<> Not equal
<>
> Greater than
<>
> Greater or equal
To work with FUNCTION by example
Example:
program Welcome;
const
k=' type in the number of squares to be summed ';
p=' is the sum of the first ';
var
numbertosum:integer;
answer:integer;
function sumofsquares(n: integer): integer;
var
i:integer;
sum:integer;
begin
sum:=0;
for i:=1 to n do
sum:=sum+i*i;
sumofsquares:=sum
end;
begin
Writeln(k);
readln(numbertosum);
answer:=sumofsquares(numbertosum);
Writeln(answer,p,numbertosum,' square ');
end.
To work with FUNCTION
Description:
The function is a subprogram called form within an expression that returns a value through the function name.
Declaration:
function ident (parameters) : type;
To work with CONST by example
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
Wincrt;
const
myname='Kenny John';
age= ' I am 17 years old ';
gender=' I am Female ';
begin
Writeln(myname);
Writeln(age);
Writeln(gender);
end.
Output:
To work with CONST command
Description:
The const is defines an identifier that denotes a constant value within the block containing the declaration.
Declaration:
identifier = expression;
To work with string by example
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
Wincrt;
var
a:String;
begin
Writeln('Enter the you name: ');
Readln(a);
Writeln('Name: ',a);
end.
Output:
To work with string
Description:
A string type variable is a sequence of characters with a dynamic length, and a constant maximum size between 1 and 255.
Declaration:
string [ constant ]
To work with char by example
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
Wincrt;
var
a:char;
begin
Writeln('Enter the you name: ');
Readln(a);
Writeln('Name: ',a);
end.
Output:
To work with char
Description:
Character constants are written between single quotes.
Declaration:
char [ constant ]
To work with CASE by example
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
Wincrt;
var
a:char;
begin
Writeln('Enter the char: ');
Read(a);
case a of
'm': Writeln('You are the boy');
'f': Writeln('You are the girl');
end;
end.
Output:
To work with CASE function
Description:
The case statement consists of an expression (the selector) and a list of statements, each prefixed with a case.
Declaration:
case expression of
case: statement;
...
case: statement;
end
How to work with REPEAT...UNTIL by example
To work with REPEAT...UNTIL by example
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
Wincrt;
var
x:real;
y:real;
begin
Writeln('Table of Function Values ');
Writeln;
Writeln;
Writeln(' average ',' value of formula ',' status ');
x:=0.00;
Repeat
y:=(x*x*x+7*x-1)/(x*x-(x+5)/3);
Writeln;
Write(x,'',y);
if y>=0 then Write(' Admit ');
Writeln;
x:=x+0.50
Until x >=4.00;
Writeln;
Writeln('The table is finished ');
end.
Output:
How to work REPEAT ... UNTIL function
To work REPEAT ... UNTIL function
Description:
The statements between repeat and until are executed in sequence until, at the end of a sequence, the Boolean expression is True.
Declaration:
repeat
statement;
statement;
...
statement
until expression
To work with FOR … DOWN TO function
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
Wincrt;
var
number:integer;
sqnumber:integer;
begin
for number:=9 downto 4 do
begin
sqnumber:=number*number;
Writeln(number,' ',sqnumber)
end
end.
Output:
To work with FOT…TO by example
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
Wincrt;
var
number:integer;
sqnumber:integer;
begin
for number:=4 to 9 do
begin
sqnumber:=number*number;
Writeln(number,' ',sqnumber)
end
end.
Output:
To work with FOR … TO statements
Description:
The FOR statement is a looping construct designed specifically for count-controlled loops.
Declaration:
FOR variable identifier:= Expressionl TO Expression2 DO
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
To work with While by example
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
Wincrt;
var
x:real;
y:real;
begin
Writeln('Table of Function Values ');
Writeln;
Writeln;
Writeln(' average ',' value of formula ',' status ');
x:=0.00;
While x <=4.00 do
begin
y:=(x*x*x+7*x-1)/(x*x-(x+5)/3);
Writeln;
Write(x,'',y);
if y>=0 then Write(' Admit ');
Writeln;
x:=x+0.50
end;
Writeln;
Writeln('The table is finished ');
end.
Output:
To work while statements
Description:
The while statements like the IF statements, tests a condition.
Declaration:
WHILE Boolean expression DO
Statements 1;
Statements 2;
To work with IF-THEN-ELSE example
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
Wincrt;
var
a:integer;
begin
Writeln('Enter the two number: ');
Read(a);
if a > 10 Then
Writeln(' This integer is more then 10')
Else
Writeln(' This integer is small then 10');
end.
Output:
To work with IF-THEN-ELSE
Description:
It’s actually, the ability to make a decision.
Declaration:
IF Boolean expression
THEN
Statements 1
ELSE
Statements 2;
Statements;
To work with IF_THEN example
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
Wincrt;
var
a:integer;
begin
Writeln('Ente the two number: ');
Read(a);
if a > 10 Then
Writeln(' This interger is more then 20');
end.
Output:
To work IF-THEN statements
Description:
It’s actually the ability to make decisions.
Declaration:
- IF Boolean expression
- THEN
- Statements 1;
- Statements 2;
To work with the Binary Arithmetic Operators div and mod
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
Wincrt;
var
a:integer;
b:integer;
begin
Writeln('Ente the two number: ');
Read(a);
Read(b);
Writeln('Answer is : ',a div b);
Writeln('Answer is : ',a mod b);
end.
Output:
How to work with the Binary Arithmetic Operators
To work with the Binary Arithmetic Operators
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
Wincrt;
var
a:integer;
b:integer;
c:integer;
begin
Writeln('Ente the three number: ');
Read(a);
Read(b);
Read(c);
Writeln('Answer is : ',a+b+c);
Writeln('Answer is : ',a*b*c);
Writeln('Answer is : ',a+b-c);
end.
Output:
How to work with Binary Arithmetic Operators
To work with Binary Arithmetic Operators
Description.
Operator Operation
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
div Integer division
mod remainder
To work with the data type
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
Wincrt;
var
a:integer;
b:integer;
c:integer;
begin
Writeln('Ente the three number: ');
Read(a);
Read(b);
Read(c);
Writeln('Answer is : ',a+b+c);
end.
Ouput:
How to work with the integer data type
To work with the integer data type
Description:
Type Range Format
Shortint -128..127 Signed 8-bit
Integer -32768..32767 Signed 16-bit
Longint -2147483648..2147483647 Signed 32-bit
Byte 0..255 Unsigned 8-bit
Word 0..65535 Unsigned 16-bit
To work with readln example
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
Wincrt;
var
a:string;
begin
Write('What is your name: ');
Readln(a);
Write('My nam is ',a);
end.
Output:
To work with Readln function
Description:
reads a file component into a variable
reads one or more values into one or more variables
Declaration:
Read(F , V1 [, V2,...,Vn ] )
To work with Writeln or Write Example
Example:
program Welcome;
uses
Wincrt;
begin
Write('Welcome to Pascal')
Writeln('Hello everybody');
Writeln('Please enter the number: ');
Writeln('Please enter the number: ');
Writeln('The answer is: ');
end.
Output:
To work with Writeln or Write function
Description:
This function is display the word in the screen.
Declaration:
Writeln('Hello everybody')
